Unit 4 – Building material

Grammar – Active x Passive

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

  • Example: A bricklayer uses a trowel in his job every day.

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence.

  • Example: A trowel is used (BY a bricklayer) every day.

In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence.

We often use the passive: when we prefer not to mention who or what does the action (for example, it's not known, it's obvious or we don't want to say).


Somebody cleans

the room

every day.

 

 

 

   

The room

is cleaned

every day.


Vocabulary

gravel
gravel
štěrk
root
root
kořen
mortar
mortar
malta
grain
grain
zrnko
solid
solid
pevný
beam
beam
trám
plank
plank
prkno
mud
mud
bahno
timber
timber
stavební dřevo

Exercise

1. Connect words with their definitions:

UNIT 4 – Connect words with their definitions:

2. Reading text:

occur
vyskytovat se
substance
látka, materiál
leaves
listy
established industry
zavedené odvětví (průmyslu)
require
vyžadovat, požadovat
treatment
úprava, zpracování

Building material is material used for construction. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, wood, and even twigs and leaves, are used to construct buildings. Apart from natural materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacturing of building materials is an established industry in many countries.

Wood, cement, metals, bricks, concrete, clay are the most common type of building material used in construction. The choice of these are based on their cost effectiveness for building projects.

Building materials are generally divided into two categories: Natural building materials such as stone and wood, and Man-made building materials such as concrete and steel. Both categories usually require a certain level of preparation or treatment before they are used in a structural application.

2.1 Answer some questions:

  • Which other materials, apart from natural, are used for construction? 
  • Into how many categories are building materials generally divided? 
  • Into which category do stone and wood belong (belong = patří)? 

Solution


2.2 Translate some sentences:

  • Dřevo, kovy, cihly, beton a jíl jsou nejběžnější typy stavebního materiálu.
  • Výroba stavebního materiálu je v mnoha zemích zavedené odvětví průmyslu.

Solution


3. Pictures with definitions

alloy
slitina
particles
elementární částice
tissue
tkáň
stem
kmen
fibrous
vláknitý
mass
hmota
soil
půda
loam
hlína (humusovitá, písčitá)
silt kal
naplavenina
lustrous
lesklý
Sand – písek

Sand

What is sand?

Granular material composed of finely divided rocks, and mineral particles.

Stone – kámen

Stone

What is stone?

Earth, or mineral matter hardened in a mass.

Bricks –⁠ cihly

Bricks

What are bricks?

Man-made rectangular blocks used to form parts of buildings, mostly walls.

Concrete – beton

Concrete

What is concrete?

Mixture created using sand, gravel, cement, and water.

Wood – dřevo

Wood

What is wood?

A natural fibrous structural tissue found in stems and roots of trees.

Cement – cement

Cement

What is cement?

A fine powdery substance mixed with water and other substances to make mortar, or concrete.

Clay – jíl, hlína

Clay

What is clay?

Soft, earthy material containing particles with a grain size of less than four micrometre.

Metal – kov

Metal

What are metals?

Highly strong, lustrous, and shiny, these substances are formed naturally below the surface of Earth.

Steel – ocel

Steel

What is steel?

Alloy made of iron with a few tenths of a percent of carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance.

Rock – skála, balvan

Rock

What is rock?

Naturally occurring and coherent aggregate of one or more minerals are known as rocks.

Glass – sklo

Glass

What is glass?

Inorganic, solid, and non-crystalline material, transparent in appearance.

Plastic – umělá hmota, plast

Plastic

What is plastic?

Synthetic materials made from various organic polymers like polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, nylon, etc.

Ceramic – keramika

Ceramic

What is ceramic?

Inorganic, non-metallic solid made of metal or non-metal compounds; shaped and hardened by heating at high temperatures.

Timber – (stavební) dřevo

Timber

What is timber?

Wood processed into beams and planks to be used in buildings.

Mud – bláto, bahno

Mud

What is mud?

Mixture of soil, loam, silt, or clay with water.

3.1 Answer some questions – YES or NO:

UNIT 4_3.1 Answer some questions – YES or NO:

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